Weather Revision

Weather Revision
-Weather elements: These are things you might be told to expect on a weather report
e.g. Rain, hail, sun, cloud, wind, snow, fog, mist, haze, gale, frost

Sun and Seasons

-All weather results from the troposphere, layer from 0-16km altitude
-Source of energy, wind blowing and temperatures, is the sun
-Solar energy is not evenly distributed
-Material, colour and elevation also affect energy storage and release, changing weather and climate



-Equinox is equal number of day and night hours (spring and autumn)
-Solstice is when there are the longest or shortest daylight hours (summer and winter)
-Latitude at equator is at 0 degrees
-Latitude at poles is 90 degrees
-Higher latitude = less solar energy

Air masses
-An air mass is a body of air with similar temperature and moisture levels, which influence the weather of areas it travels through
-Continental air masses have travelled over land
-Maritime air masses have travelled over oceans
-Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air
Tropical: Hot, originating in or near the tropics
Polar: Cold, Origination from or near the poles
Maritime: Moist, origination over an ocean
Continental: Dry, originating over land
Equatorial: Influences northern Aus in summer
Tropical Maritime: Warm and moist, Very warm and moist, influences Pacific/Indian ocean coasts summer thunderstorms to SA and Vic, and heavy rain along east coast
Tropical continental: Hot and dry, hot, dusty conditions in southern Aus
Southern Maritime: Cool and moist, common in southern Aus all year
Polar maritime: Cold and moist, coldest winter weather and >800m snow in SE Aus occasionally
-Southern Maritime has the greatest influence on Vic




Air Pressure
-The force exerted by the weight of air particles
-Rising and falling air pressure generates wind, cloud, cold, wet, fine, and sunny conditions
-Climate is about long term record, trends and averages; weather is the day to day experience
-Regions of sinking air = highs, high pressure regions, anticyclones
-Regions of rising air = lows, low pressure regions, depressions, cyclones
-Isobar = line used on weather maps which pass through areas with the same air pressure
-Air pressure measured in hectopascals (hPa)
High pressure:
-value of isobars increase toward centre
-air expands
-air is sinking
-air becomes warm and stable
-air spirals outwards
-in a anticlockwise direction
-cover a greater area
-move more slowly
-causes dry, cloud-free weather
Low pressure:
-value of isobars decrease toward centre
-air contracts
-air is rising
-air spirals inwards
-air cools to form clouds
-in a clockwise direction
-cover less area
-mover more quickly
-causes rain showers and cloudy weather
-Cold fronts represent line where col polar air meets warm tropical air
-Temperature difference creates strong winds (air moving to spread/even out)
-Cold air pushes warm air up
-Rising warm air can produce clouds
-71% of the Earth’s surface is water

Clouds
-a cloud is a swirling mass of water vapour
Type Level Appearance Precipitation
Cirrus High high level, white tufts or filaments; made up of ice crystals. No precipitation
Cirrocumulus High small rippled elements; ice crystals No precipitation
Cirrostratus High transparent sheet or veil, halo phenomena; ice crystals No precipitation
Altocumulus Middle layered cloud, rippled elements, generally white with some shading. May produce light showers
Altostratus Middle grey sheet, thinner layer allows sun to appear as through ground glass. Rain or snow
Nimbostratus Low thicker, darker and lower based sheet. Heavier intensity rain or snow
Stratocumulus Low layered cloud, series of rounded rolls, generally white. Drizzle
Stratus Low mass, grey, uniform base; if ragged, referred to as "fractostratus". Drizzle
Cumulus Low individual cells, vertical rolls or towers, flat base. Showers of rain or snow
Cumulonimbus Low-High very large cauliflower-shaped towers to 16 km high, often "anvil tops". Phenomena: thunderstorms, lightning, squalls. Showers of rain or snow
-Cirrus = curl of hair = wispy, high altitude
-Alto = middle = mid-altitude
-Nimbus = rain = raincloud
-Stratus = layer = sheet-like
-Cumulus = heap = puffy clouds
-Cumulonimbus = thunderclouds (summer storms etc)
Weather maps/Synoptic charts
-Summarises the state of the atmosphere at a particular period of time
-Air pressure measured at selected locations
-Isobars are drawn at 2 hectopascal intervals
-Isobars connect places with equal air pressure
e.g. ------- 126 --------
-When looking for pressure of an area, look for nearby pressure systems which enclose the area
-cool air descends to create high pressure, and cannot rise due to pressure of descending air from above, nor descend any further. So, it flows along the earth’s surface as wind and travels toward a low pressure system to replace heated rising air
-Rotation of earth drags wind of a straight line course
-Closer the isobars, stronger the wind
-Winds named after direction from which they blow, i.e. southerly wind head north
-Wind direction shown by symbol
-Barbs on tail of symbol indicate speed
-areas with rain in the last 24hrs are shaded in parallel diagonal lines
-lows and fronts associated with rising, cooling air
-produces showers or rain
-highs associated with sinking, warming air which retains moisture
-skies generally clearer, fine weather
-winds blowing off the sea often bring rain
-winds blowing from central Aus usually bring dry conditions
Determining temperatures
-After a cold front passes, temperature falls
-Southerly winds bring colder weather
-Winds from the north bring warmer weather
-Graph may be used

Glossary
Weather: The atmospheric condition for a brief period of time; the day to day experience
Climate: The atmospheric condition for a long period of time, approximately 30 years. It is a synthesis of all weather over time and is based on records, trends and averages
Air pressure: The force exerted by tiny air particles, the rises and falls of which generate weather conditions
High pressure: regions of sinking air which spirals outwards in an anticlockwise direction. High pressure is associated with dry, cloud-free weather
Low pressure: Region of rising air which spirals inwards in a clockwise direction. Low pressure is associated with rain and showers
Isobars: The lines on a weather map which pass through areas of equal pressure
Cold front: represents the line where cold polar air moving toward the equator meets warm tropical air moving pole ward
Relief (Orographic) rainfall:
1. Warm moist air cools as it is forced to rise by mountains and hills
2. Cool air condensed to form clouds
3. Precipitation falls
4. Drier air warms up as it descends the mountain/hill, producing less rain, known as a rain shadow

Convectional rainfall:
1. Air is warmed by the sun
2. Warm air expands as it rises
3. Cooler air condenses, forms clouds
4. Heavy rain is produced and falls

Frontal rainfall:
1. Cool, denser air of a low pressure system moves across earth’s surface
2. Warm, lighter air is forced to rise as the cold front moves in
3. Air is cooled, condenses, and can cause rain to fall

Invertebrate Revision

Invertebrates Revision
Invertebrate: Animal without a backbone

Phylum
Annelids (little rings)
-most in water, some in soil
-segmented worms
-soft-bodies
-take in air through moist skin
e.g. leech, earthworm, fanworm, ragworm

Arthropods (jointed foot)
-found in land and water
-segmented bodies
-exoskeleton
-paired and jointed legs
-most have antennae and compound eyes
-on land, breathing through spiracles (tubes)
-in water, breathing through gills
e.g. ants, crayfish, scorpion, spiders, crabs, flies, butterflies, millipedes, damselflies

Cnidarians (stinging cells)
-most live in the sea, several in fresh water
-soft, hollow bodies
-only one body opening
-tentacles with stinging cells
-no body organs such as heart and lungs
e.g coral, sea anemone, hydra, bluebottle, jellyfish

Echinoderms (spiny skin)
-found only in the sea
-spiny skin
-arms that radiate from centre of body, based on five parts
-tube feet for movement
-mouth and anus
e.g. brittle-star, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber

Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
-flat body
-unsegmented
-head-like region
-mouth opening but no anus
e.g. tapeworm, fluke, planarian, flatworm

Poriferans (bearing/with pores)
-found in water
-sponge body with many holes
-food and water enter through tiny holes in body
-waste goes through single large opening
-usually fixed in one place to rocks/shells
-skeleton of glassy/chalky needles or spongy fibres
e.g. bath sponges, glass sponges (all sponges)

Molluscs (soft body)
-Soft, unsegmented bodies
-usually covered with a protective shell
-head with eyes and/or tentacles
-mouth and anus
-muscular foot for movement
e.g. snail, slug, octopus, limpet, clam, squid, oyster

Nematodes (thread form)
-round worms
-found in water, soil, plants and animals
-worm-like body with no segments
-mouth and anus
e.g. threadworm, pinworm, hookworm, whipworm, lungworm

Arthropods
-There are more arthropods than any other animal types on earth
-All have external skeletons
-All have jointed body
-All have paired and jointed legs
-5 Arthropod groups:
1. Crustaceans – at least 10 legs, more than 3 body segments, 2 pair of antennae
(Crabs, shrimps, lobsters, prawns)
2. Arachnids – 8 legs, 2 body segments, 1 pair of antennae (very small)
(spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
3. Insects – 6 legs, 3 body segments, 1pair antennae
(butterflies, damselflies, bees, beetles, crickets, ladybirds)
4. Millipedes (diplopods) – 2 pairs of legs per segment, many segments, 1 pair antennae
5. Centipedes (chilopods) – 1 pair legs per segment, many segments, 1 pair antennae
Note: Together, millipedes and centipedes are myriapods
-There are 3 ways to classify arthropods
1. Number of legs
2. Number of antennae
3. Number of body segments

Insects
Insect Body Structure:
-Divided into 3 parts – head, thorax, abdomen
-Head = antennae, eyes, mouthparts
-Antennae, contain organs for smell and touch:
-Long and thin for touch (distance between predator/prey)
-Feathery antennae for sensitivity help pick up scents (e.g. of females)
-Have compound eyes:
-good for seeing movement, escape from predators
-housefly processes 100 images per second to help flying
-Mouths shaped depending on food and eating method
-Sap-sucking = tiny head, pointed tube
-proboscis is a long tubular structure, unrolls to reach nectar (hawk moth, butterfly)
-Sharp proboscis= piercing/sucking blood (female mosquitoes, bedbugs – barbed structure for piercing and sawing, feed before dawn >13 degrees, may take 5mins or more to extract blood meal)
-Also inject saliva containing substance that stops blood clotting
-Proboscis can be blown up (butterfly) or uncoiled using muscles (hawk moth)
-Proboscis is kept coiled at rest, and uncoiled for feeding
-Plant/wood-eating = large head, strong muscles/jaws to bite through plant tissue (grasshoppers and cockroaches have hard, sharp, chewing jaws
-Houseflies and bees lick up their food
-For all insects, mouth connects to digestive system
-Thorax = where legs and wings attach
-These are hollow with exoskeleton like main body
-All have 6 Legs
-Often spurs with sharp claws
-Strong limbs for grasping/holding prey
-Strong hind leg for jumping (grasshoppers)
- Wings important for classification:
-may be one or two pairs (2 or 4)
-may be covered with hairs, scales, have long silky fringes
-In beetle, front pair is hard and thick to protect flying wings when not in use (allows digging)
-Long narrow wings with fringes for fast, accurate flight
-Front and back pairs of wings joined by hooks to beat in unison
-Abdomen = number of segments
-At the end are reproductive organs:
-female = often includes long ovipositor (long thin tube for placing eggs)
-e.g. female wasps lay eggs in paralysed spiders/caterpillars, damselflies within plants
-Sting also located near end of abdomen
-exoskeleton of insects made of substance called chitin
-Tough, waterproof, springy
-Insects have no lungs
-Use trachea, fine tubes, between segments of exoskeleton to transport oxygen around body
-hearing organ location depend on insect, mosquito= base of antennae, cricket=front legs, butterfly=on thorax, cicada=abdomen



Insect Life-cycles

-In all insects: males produce sperm and transfer to female when mating, eggs fertilized, eggs laid near food supply
-Three options after this
1. No change or no metamorphosis
-When born, it already looks like adult, only smaller
-moults exoskeleton several times to allow room for growth
-e.g. silverfish
2. Part change or incomplete metamorphosis
-Young look like adults, but with no wings, different colour and shape
-they moult, grow, and gradually develop these
- stages are egg --> nymph --> adult
e.g. green vegetable bug, dragonfly, damselfly, grasshoppers, termites
3. Complete change or complete metamorphosis
-Four growth stages in their life cycle, e.g. the butterfly, flies, beetles, wasps, bees, ants
-female butterfly lays eggs on leaf (milkweed or swan plant)
-eggs hatch into tiny larva or caterpillar, monarch butterfly caterpillars are green and white
striped. Grow to 3cm long over a few weeks
-the caterpillar hangs by its ‘tail’ from a twig, and changes to pupa form (takes a few hours)
Case of monarch butterfly pupa is glossy green with gold spots.
-most of caterpillar body dissolves, reforms to butterfly
-internal and external differences
-case splits down the side, and the adult emerges
-stages are egg --> larva(caterpillar) --> pupa --> adult

Dichotomous Keys

-Have 2 options at each level
-When making one, the options are never the name of any category/animal
-when reading them, note down each option that lies on the path to a category/animal



Food webs and chains

-Show 2 main things: Feeding relationships and flow of energy
-Carnivore: Animal that eats other animals only
-Herbivore: Animal that eats plants only (primary consumer)
-Omnivore: Animal that eats plants and animals
-food --> consumer
-sun is the source of energy, start of all food chains
-plant = producer
-consumers come after the plants
-first order/primary consumer
-second order/secondary consumer (usually carnivore)
-third order/ tertiary consumer (usually carnivore)
-top order consumer (not eaten by any other animal on the chain)
-in food webs, plants go on the bottom and the consumers generally go in order upward, with the top order animals on top
- When considering the effects of changes, think about
-increase/decrease in predators
-increase/decrease in prey
-maintaining/disrupting balance of food
-main food sources
-increase/decrease in producers
-Remember that food chains often do not develop past three consumer levels, as energy is lost at each level. There would have to be huge amounts of lower consumers/producers to sustain a higher order consumer.

Carbon – CO2

-Plants take in carbon from atmosphere through leaves
-Carbon returned to atmosphere through respiration, decomposition, combustion
-Respiration takes place in every cell of the body
-Animals obtain carbon by consuming plants
-Burning of fossil fuels disrupt natural balance of carbon
-Skeletal remains of aquatic creatures, such as shells and bones, is the source of carbon in limestone
-limestone=calcium carbonate=CaCO3

ihearthorses

(tell me if there's anything else on the test that I have missed!)

Hi everyone!
Test time again, but we need to take this opportunity, AND GET PIZZA (OR PASTA)
So this is revision for our music test:

Notes of the Treble and Bass clefs:





Or rather this is the grand staff



Intervals:
-Remember to count where the note already is
-Minor thirds will sound sad
-Major thirds should sound happy
-Major thirds are the first two notes of the major arpeggio



Key Signatures:
C major – no sharps or flats
A minor – no sharps or flats, raise 7th note
G major – 1 sharp, F sharp
E minor – 1 sharp, F sharp, raise 7th note
F major – 1 flat, B flat
D minor – 1 flat, B flat, raise 7th note
Remember to raise the 7th note of minor scales!

It is likely that the test will ask us to write scales, remember to consider the:
-Clef (Treble or Bass)
-Type of note (whole half, crotchet, minum etc)
-Key signature or accidentals
-Whether the stem of the note goes up or down (down until c1)

Italian Terms:

Tempo/Speed from slowest to fastest:
Lento: very slow
Adagio: slow
Adante: at a walking pace
Moderato: moderate, interpreted by performer
Allegro: fast and lively
Presto: very fast

Dynamics from softest to loudest:
Pianissimo: very softly - pp
Piano: softly - p
Mezzo Piano: moderately softly - mp
Forte: loudly - f
Mezzo Forte: moderately loudly - mf
Fortissimo: very loud - ff
Crescendo: gradually getting louder (<)
Decrescendo/Diminuendo: gradually get softer (>)

Technique:
Staccato: short and detatched
Legato - smoothly and connected
Slur/phrase mark - without breaking it apart, connected

Instruments: be able to recognise a
Flute - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LI3wIHFQkAk (clear, high range, airy sound)
Oboe - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSsFUQs89T0 (shrill, high range, sharp sound)
Bassoon - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdrTKYDgISQ (hear vibrations, lowest range)
Clarinet - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CkK-LM6Oe0 (warm, mid-high range)
The song played is Fight of the Bumblebee, coolest yet hardest song ever.
And flute is the best by the way (bias? maybe...)

If there's anything else you think we might have, please comment

from ihearthorses